Introduction:
Giraffe (group Giraffe), hoofed mammals of Africa
with the characteristics of long legs, light background skin surfaced with
unsymmetrical dark brown blotches on it with long neck with partly digested
food. There are four species of Giraffe in which one have such characteristics.
Till the age of four
years’ giraffe gain his full height but the weight varies till the age of seven
and eight. The weight of male giraffe is approximately more than 1,930kg this
is in pounds of 4,250 and the weight of female giraffe is more than 1,180kg in
pounds is 2,600. Their tail's length is approximately 1 meter with a black long
tuft at the end. a short mane about a neck. either female of male giraffe, they
both have horn but the male giraffe has a hollow-cheeked knob to the skull. As
the Giraffe is one of the mammals having some astonished structure as they
having a long neck that is full of strong muscles with a silhouette, on the
vertebrae these long neck muscles is attached with the upper back too, the back
slopes sliding down to the tail. Thought there only seven vertebrae in long
spine but these are all high in length. Internally neck is full of thick walled
arteries with the extra valve to prevent the gravity when the head in upward
direction. particular blood vessels in neck helps in controlling the blood
pressure when they down their heads. Giraffe specially eat the leaves from
thorny acacia tree but they can eat leaves form other trees too. Male giraffe ingests
65kg of food per day as they are the tremendous eaters. For eating such leaves
from thorny acacia tree, for such reason they have tough tissue in tongue for
protection.
Giraffe
have different word history. Giraffe name conducted from the Arabic word
"zarafa" meant as fast walker and for that word adopted from the
tribe named as Somali adapt it for the Arab travelers. previously when it comes
to in English then it was known as the jarraf or Ziraf but for very short period
of time it was known as "Camelopard" and that name found by the
little resemblance in camel (due to height) and leopard (due to dark blotches)
on it.
Thermoregulation in giraffe:
The capacity to
conserve a comparatively continual physique temperature is median to the
endurance of vertebrate. Body Temperature of giraffe is 38.5 ± 0.5°C, and they
found in most of time in hot environment rather than cold environments and they
have to spread the perfect thermoregulatory Structure to manage the temperature
and endure in selected environment. On the corporeal structure, behavioral and
anatomical characteristics the thermoregulation depends.
Their body
structure is such as for avoiding the physiological thermoregulation in
giraffes, their bodies accustom to obtain the luminous heat and transfers the
heat through liquid or gas and attempt the shadow. Due to their
"dolicomorphic" structure body area is maximizing instead of
increasing their mass of metabolism but maximize the heat loss system through
the body. Another Thermoregulatory function is vascularized ossicones and work
as the thermoregulatory organ. Most particular physiological system is
attaining heat loss via evaporation. As the heat mostly loss from due to the
reparatory system therefore both the nasal activity and respiratory system are
merge and cool down the arterial blood.
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| Thermoregulation in Giraffe |
sweating via
evaporation in Giraffe was not being reported. Later on when the skin of
giraffe was examining then conclude there are active sweat glands under the blotches
other than on rest of skin. So, it concludes that in some circumstances the
Giraffe sweat.
By merging the
Blood vessels supplying to the patches then it’s not wrong of saying that these
patches are windows for heat exhaustion. Due to the all the phenomenon, giraffe
is most active in losing heat than any animal and that's why they can survive
in any parched and hot environment easily.
Giraffe being
the tallest animal, to drink water from river or lakes is always difficult and
risky as the predators wait for an opportunity to easily stalk giraffe only
when it comes to drink water. Nature has engineered an innovative
method in giraffe to overcome all the above
obstacles. Sweating although helps in thermoregulation,
but do cause severe water loss. Animal like giraffe with great
surface area of skin, sweating means, disaster, as it has to search a water
hole to immediately to replenish the water.
Further
the leaves eaten by giraffe are not succulent (rich source of
water). Nature has made the giraffe to live with higher body
temperature. It means, the body temperature of giraffe rises gently
above the temperature of its habitat so that the thermoregulation can be easily
achieved and adjusted without sweating.
Through the
above process, perfect maintenance of the body temperature without any water
loss is achieved by giraffe and hence there is no necessity for them to search
and find water. The risk of getting attacked by the predatory
animals especially when giraffe bend down to drink water also can be avoided
easily.
Before the time of Darwin, there
is a complete debate on making the improvement in the thermoregulation in the
giraffe neck. The French naturalist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck stated, the giraffe's
neck become straight as they are trying to reach to the leaves from the trees.
After that it was stated that advantage of having is long neck is much more
worth than a giraffe short in size by the Darwin and his contemporary Alfred
Russel Wallace turn head to Lamarckism.
Metabolism in giraffe:
As described
before due to the significant structure and unusual shape led it to as the
anomaly of nature (Warren, 1974). Experimental data for giraffe is more tough
to find. For studying the physiology of giraffe three captive adult masai
giraffe are used in which two females with weight of 570kg and 64kg and one
male giraffe of weigh 580kg. In an altitude of height of 1500m close from the
sites (for capturing), food and water is available there for giraffe (somehow
cage in which they held on).
For two years,
these three giraffe are being under custody during all the period of experiment
and being observed daily. These observations are made when confined in crush
otherwise they unchecked them. For this they need to walked into the crush and
tolerated confinement with no visible stress.
A mass with
light close made up of the 5-L polythene bottle enlarging next to the eye till
next to the muzzle were fitted on the head of giraffe for conducting the
respiratory experiment. The structure of mask is padded with foam polythene, inner
side with the polythene sheet that can help to easily on to the muzzle and just
like a flap valve that collect the air during the respiration, mask carried on
the head of giraffe with the soft rubber collar.
An exhausted
air through to the descant canister to the Douglas bag, this was observed that
the conduit air was through the 22mm disc valve into the mask above from
nostrils and outlet is 32 mm diameter disc valve to the 38mm flexible air hose.
During under observation there was no distress happens due to the mask or any
other apparatus.
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| Metabolism in Giraffe |
25 breathes of
giraffe were collected for analyzing in such process three valves, from the
atmosphere the air exhaled by the giraffe and also sealed the desiccant from
the atmosphere until needed. With usage of stop watch for recording the time of
collecting exhaled air when valves are open. By watching the flank movement and
with noise of disc valves closing, breathe are counted but only when two counts
are agreed.
25 breathes are
packed into the bad and then sealed it and watch make stop. contents of bag
passed away to the Parkinson-Cowan dry volume bag into the another Douglas bag.
Measured the Taylor servomex OA 272 paramagnetic oxygen from the bag in which
the exhaled oxygen was collected. there is no heat and cooling was applied. The
normal temperature 10 and 32C, use the diurnal temperature and ambient
temperature.
Homeostasis in giraffe:
In these giraffe, careful open
emasculation in conjunction with ligation prevented hemorrhage, which was
subjectively viewed as the most likely serious complication of this procedure.
Surgically castrated for population control and behavior management. The
animals resided in ahead of 22 giraffes that included several intact mature and
sub adult males, uncontracted mature and sub adult females, plus calves.
Surgical castration was selected instead of blood less castration.
Concerns with the age and size of the giraffe, wound healing, and post
procedural anal-gesia dissuaded choice of elastrator or Bortuzzo methods. A
pinhole castration technique, which involves percutaneous ligation of the spermatic
cord may have been an option for these giraffe, but important documentation of
this procedure was not available at the time their castration was required.
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| Homeostasis in Giraffe |
Vasectomy was not chosen as it would not significantly
reduce testosterone levels. It was hoped that castrates would show reduced
interest in receptive female exhibited in public feeding areas and decreased
aggression toward young, genetically desirable males scheduled for breeding. Each
giraffe was anesthetized via remote injection with thiafentanil and ketamine an
open castration technique was performed for each giraffe in an effort to
decrease risk of hemorrhage given their large size.
The scrotal skin was grasped ventral to the
testicles and singularly incised, enabling successive exterior-ization of each
testicle. Following blunt dissection
through subcutaneous fascia, a dorsoventralincision was made over each testicle
through the tunica vaginitis, revealing each gonad and its spermatic cord. An
emasculator was properly oriented and transversely clamped across each spermatic
cord.
The crushing element of the emasculator was activated to
provide hemostasis for 1–2 min while ligation of the spermatic cord was per-formed
immediately proximal to the device with a single suture The suture
was initially secured to the vas deferens. One of its ends was used to ligate
the testicular artery and pumping-form plexus. The other suture end was passed
to encompass the vasculature and vas deferens.
Splenic contraction reflected the
hemoglobin, hematocrit and red blood cell count may increase. As seen in awake
animals, fibrinogen and advancement of total protein and recommend the
provoking the procedure either in BGT. predominately obtained from the
anesthetized animals, that perhaps have an impact on to the corticosteroid and
the lymphocytosis and eosinophilia that have influence on provoking or
parasitic condition.
Descend of full bilirubin and GGT
that may have resulted that animals are not fasted. Absence of the chemical
restraint shows that the levels of creatine phosphokinase, LHD and AST. In the
giraffe's the level of calcium and phosphorus are inverted. the tendency of
this inversion is also in other hoof stock herds. Mineral of soils are being
conjecture. The activities of amylase cannot be explained. Bothe through the
author experienced and historic background, it is stated that pancreatic
insufficiency been hypothesize in giraffe and also through the wasting
syndromes pancreatic atrophy been noticed continuously.
For the perfect condition of examination,
the chronic wasting syndrome are more essential which perhaps related to it and
per acute mortality syndromes too for directing a herd with a system called chute
system. How apparently the energy mal nutrition in to the giraffe, all the
serum cobalamin, cobalt and plasma glucagon have been under consideration for determining.
With failure of passive transfer with collection of plasma without the
narcotics for neonates and the phlebotomy in the herds of giraffe and also include
the coagulation profiles.
V.A. LANGMAW, O.S. BAMFORD; and G. M. O. MALOIY 1
1Department of Veterinary Physiology, University of Nairobi,
Nairobi, Kenya, and 2 Nuffield Institute for
Medical Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.
Rose Borkowski,
D.V.M., Scott Citino, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., Mitch Bush, D.V.M., Dipl.
A.C.Z.M.,Paul Wollenman, D.V.M., and Brenda Irvine, B.Sc.
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